PENGERTIAN DIRECT DAN INDIRECT SPEECH

		DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH Pengertian Direct dan Indirect Speech adalah materi grammar dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai kalimat yang menyatakan langsung (Direct Speech) dan perubahannya menjadi kalimat tidak langsung (Indirect Speech). Untuk merubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung ada beberapa hal yang mengalami perubahan antara lain; 1.     Perubahan Struktur Kalimat (Structure ) 2.     Perubahan Tensis (Tenses) 3.     Perubahan Kata ganti orang (Pronoun) 4.     Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverb of time and place) 1. Perubahan Stuktur kalimat Jika kita lihat pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda petik (“). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect. Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata “that” atau “to” (untuk kalimat perintah). Misalnya: No Direct Speech Indirect Speech 01 He said, “I have a present for you in my bag.“ He said that he had a present for me in his bag. 02 He asked me, “why do you come late.“ He asked me why I came late. 03 He orderd me, “don’t bring a bag.“ He ordered me to didn’t bring a bag. Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita). Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya “yes-no question” maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya: No Direct Speech Indirect Speech 01 They asked me, “Do you want to join us to play football?” They asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football. 02 He asked me, “Does she want to mary me?” He asked me if/whether she wants to mary her. Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut: No Direct Speech Indirect Speech 01 He asked me, “why do you come late?” He asked me why you came late. 02 He asked me, “what does she eat?” He asked me what she ate. 03 He asked me, “when did you come?” He asked me when I came. 04 He asked me, “who are you?” He asked me who I was.

2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses) Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti. Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	Simple Present	Simple Past
02	Present Continuous	Past Continuous
03	Present Future	Past Future
04	Present Perfect	Past Perfect
05	Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous
06	Simple Past	Past Perfect
07	Past Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous

Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:

 

o	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	V1 (eat)	V2 (ate)
02	V2 (ate)	Had + V3 (had eaten)
03	Am/is/are	Was/were
04	Do/does	Did
05	Do/does not	Did not
06	Did not	Had not + V3
07	Was/were	Had been
08	Am/is/are + V-ing	Was/were + V-ing
09	Was/were +V-ing	Had been + V-ing
10	Has/have + V3	Had + V3
11	Will/shall/can/may/must	Would/should/could/might/had to
12	Could/might/should/would + V1/be	Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been

3. Perubahan Pronoun Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). ·         Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech. No Direct Speech Indirect Speech 01 He said, ‘I am busy.’ He said that he was busy. 02 She said, ‘I am unwell.’ She said that she was unwell. 03 I said, ‘I will be late.’ I said that I would be late. 04 They said, ‘We will not permit this.’ They said that they would not permit that. 05 We said, ‘We need to buy some clothes.’ We said that we needed to buy some clothes. ·         Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.

No Direct Speech Indirect Speech 01 He said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’ He told me that I had to go with him. 02 She said to me, ‘You can go.’ She told me that I could go. 03 She said to him, ‘You can go.’ She told him that he could go. ·         Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech. No Direct Speech Indirect Speech 01 He said, ‘She is a good girl.’ He said that she was a good girl. 02 She said, ‘They have invited us.’ She said that they had invited them. 03 They said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’ They said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.

4. Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place) Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.

No Direct Speech Indirect Speech 01 Now Then 02 To day That day 03 Tomorrow The next day The day after The following day A day later 04 Next … The … after The following … 05 Last … The … before The Previous … 06 … ago … before … earlier 07 Yesterday The day before The previous day The preceeding day 08 The day before yesterday Two day before 09 Here There 10 This That 11 These Those

Direct Speech Indirect Speech (+) He said, “I have a present for you in my bag. here” He said that he had a present for me in his bag there. (-) He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag” He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag. (?) He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?” He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag. (?) He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag? He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag. (!) He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!” He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then. (!) He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!” He ordered me not to bring my bag there. (!) Don’t go anywhere! Not to go anywhere. (-) “I can’t see your performance” Liz said to Anne that. She couldn’t see her performance. (+) “I visited my sister in lampung” Reza said that. He had visited his sister in lampung. (!) “Stop shouting at me” Nia said that. She said that to stop shouting at her.

1.       “Your friend has just left.” (Present Perfect Tense) a.      He told me that your friend had just left. b.      He told me that my friend had just left. (Past Perfect Tense) c.       He told me that my friend has just left. 2.       “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.” (General Tense) a.      He said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. b.      He asked if the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. c.       He said that the sun rose in the east and set in the west. 3.       “I’m going to meet my penpal for the first time tomorrow.” (Present Continous Tense) a.      She said she was going to meet her penpal for the first time tomorrow. b.      She said she was going to meet my penpal for the first time tomorrow. c.       She said she was going to meet her penpal for the first time the next day. (Past Continous Tense) 4.       “I am buying a bird.” (Present Continous Tense) a.       He buy a bird b.      He was buying a bird (Past Continous Tense) c.       He is buying a bird 5.   “I have bought a bike.” (Present Perfect Tense) a.       He had bought a bike (Past Perfect Tense) b.      He buy a bike c.       He had been bought a bike 6.   “I have been buying a miror.” (Present Perfect Continous Tense) a.       He had been buying a miror ( Past Perfect Continous Tense) b.      I had buying a miror c.       I had been buying amiror 7.  “I had bought a mouse.” (Past Perfect Tense) a.    I had bought a mouse b.    He had bought a mouse (Past Perfect Tense) c.    He bought a mouse 8.  “I will buy a pencil.” (Simple Future Tense) a.    He will buy a pencil b.    He would buy a pencil (Will di ubah jadi Would) c.    I would buy a pencil

9.    will have bought a cake” (Future Perfect Tense) a.    I would have bought a cake b.    He would have bought a cake (Di ubah jadi Would Have) c.    I would have bought a cake

10.“I begin to understand the concept of biodiversity.” (Simple Present Tense) a.      He said that he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity. (Simple Past Tense) b.      He wanted to know if he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity. c.       He asked me that he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity. 11.       I’m going to meet my penpal for the first time tomorrow.” (Present Continous Tense) a.      She said she was going to meet her penpal for the first time tomorrow. b.      She said she was going to meet my penpal for the first time tomorrow. c.       She said she was going to meet her penpal for the first time the next day. (Past Continous Tense) 12.       We have been here for a week.” (Present Perfect Continous Tense) a.      They said they had been here for a week. b.      They said we had been there for a week. c.       They said they had been there for a week. (Past Perfect Continous Tense) 13.       “I begin to understand the concept of biodiversity.” (Simple Present Tense) a.      He said that he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity. (Simple Past Tense) b.      He wanted to know if he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity. C.   He asked me that he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity 14.       I bought a phone samsung.”(Simple Past Tense) a.       I had bought a phone samsung b.      He had bought a phone samsung (Past Perfect Tense) c.       He bought a phone samsung 15.    “I was buying a potato.” (Past Continous Tense) a.    I had been buying a potato b.    He had bought a potato c.    He had been buying a potato (Past Perfect Continous Tense) 16.    I will have bought a cup cake” (Future Perfect Tense) a.    I would have bought acup cake b.    He would have bought a cup cake (Di ubah jadi Would Have) c.    I would have bought a cup cake 17.       The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.” (General Tense) a.      He said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. b.      He asked if the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. c.       He said that the sun rose in the east and set in the west. 18.       Can I borrow your car for a moment?” (Simple Present Tense) a.      She asked me if she can borrow my car for a moment. b.      She asked me whether she can borrow my car for a moment. c.       She asked me whether she could borrow my car for a moment. (Simple Past Tense) 19. Mother   : Don’t be so noisy, Herman. The baby is sleeping. (Present Continous Tense)        shelen : Okay, mom. (Simple Present Tense)        tika      : What did your mother just told you? (Simple Past Tense)        mutia : She told me ___ because the baby was sleeping. (Past Continous Tense)                 a. I wasn’t so noisy                            b.Not to be so noisy                          c. Don’t be noisy 20.       “Why are you staring at my feet?” (Present Continous Tense) a.      He asked her why she was staring at his feet. (Past Continous Tense) b.      He asked her why was she staring at his feet. c.       He asked her why she is staring at his feet. Jawab:A (Verb present continuous tense pada direct speech menjadi past continuous tense pada reported speech.)