ADVERD CLOUSE

Pengertian Adverbial Clause

Adverbial clause adalah dependent clause yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (kata keterangan) dan memberikan informasi tentang verb, adjective, atau adverb yang berada pada independent clause dengan kapasitasnya menjawab pertanyaan: how, when, where, why, atau to what degree.

disebut subordinate conjunction (when, after, because, though, etc). Kata ini berguna untuk menjembatani hubungan dengan independent clause yang diterangkan. Gabungan klausa ini dengan independent clause dinamakan dengan complex sentence, yaitu kalimat yang terdiri dari independent dan satu atau lebih dependent clause.

Macam-macam adverbial clause antara lain: adverbial clause of time (waktu), place (tempat), cause & effect (sebab & akibat), purpose & result (tujuan & hasil), condition (pengandaian), contrast/consession (pertentangan), manner (cara), dan reason (alasan).

Contoh Adverbial Clause:

Complex Sentence	Keterangan
When he cleaned the kitchen, he found a lot of expired food. (Dia membersihkan dapur ketika dia menemukan banyak makanan kadaluarsa.)	When= subordinate conjunction; When he cleaned the kitchen= adverbial clause; he found a lot of expired food= independent clause

Rumus Adverbial Clause

Rumus complex sentence dan adverbial clause adalah sebagai berikut.

Complex Sentence:

Independent Clause (S + V +/- …)* + Adverbial Clause

Adverbial Clause:

Subordinate Conjunction + S + V +/- …

*S + V +/- … = predicate

Punctuation (Tanda Baca) pada Adverbial Clause

Adverbial clause dapat berada di awal kalimat, kemudian diikuti oleh independent clause. Sebaliknya, independent clause dapat berada di awal kalimat, kemudian diikuti oleh adverbial clause. Jika berada di awal, diujung klausa ini diberi tanda baca koma.

Contoh Complex Sentence:

·         Di awal: Because I had free time, I visited your house.

·         Di akhir: I visited your house because I had free time. (Saya mengunjungi rumahmu karena saya punya waktu luang.)

Fungsi dan Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Clause

Fungsi dan contoh kalimat adverbial clause adalah sebagai berikut.

Fungsi	Contoh Kalimat Adverbial Clause	Keterangan
memberikan informasi tentang verb	You were sleeping when she arrived. (Dia tiba ketika kamu sedang tertidur.)	verb= were sleeping; subordinate conjunction= when; adverbial clause= when she arrived
memberikan informasi tentang adjective	Her face is fresh because she always does exercise and eats fruits. (Wajahnya segar karena dia selalu berolahraga dan makan buah-buahan.)	adjective= fresh; subordinate conjunction= because; adverbial clause= because she always does exercise and eats fruits
memberikan informasi tentang adverb	He drove fast in order that he could arrive on time. (Dia mengemudi dengan cepat agar dia dapat tiba tepat waktu.)	adverb= fast; subordinate conjunction= in order that; adverbial clause= in order that he could arrive on time

Jenis dan Contoh Adverbial Phrase

1.    Adverb of Time (Keterangan Waktu)

Diguanakan untuk menunjukan waktu dan biasanya menggunakan kata penghubung ( conjuction )sebagai berikut :

After                                        = setelah / sesudah

As                                           = sewaktu / ketika

As long as                               = selama

Before                                     = sebelum

By the time                              = pada waktu

Ever since                               = sejak saat itu

Every time                               = setiap saat

No sooner ... than ...               = begitu ... sehingga

Once                                       = segera setelah

Since                                       = sejak

So long as                               = selama

                                                                                        

The next time                        = di waktu lain

The last time                         =  terhir kali

Until / till                                = sampai

When                                    = ketika

Whenever                             = kapan pun

While                                     = ketika

1.    After my father watched TV, he asked to buy a coffee. (Setelah ayah saya menonton TV, dia meminta saya untuk membelikan Kopi.)

2.    She stole your bag when you went outside. (Dia mencuri tasmu ketika kamu pergi.)

3.    They will find you as soon as you become popular.  (Mereka akan menemukanmu segera setelah kamu menjadi terkenal.)

2.    Adverb of Place (Keterangan Tempat)

Digunakan menunjukan tempat dan biasanya menggunakan kata penghubung ( conjunction ) sebagai berikut :

Anywhere      = di mana pun juga

Nowhere        = tidak dimana pun juga

           Where            = dimana / ke mana

           Wherever       = dimana pun/ ke mana pun

1.    I remember where I was born. (Saya ingat dimana saya dilahirkan.)

2.    God knows wherever you go. (Tuhan mengetahui kemanapun kamu pergi.)

3.    Adverb of Manner (Keterangan Cara)

Digunakan untuk menunjukkan cara bagaimana suatu hal terjadi atau bisa dilakukan, biasanya menggunakan kata penghubung ( conjunction ) sebagai beriku

As                        = seperti

As if / As though  = seolah-olah / seakan-akan

How                     = bagaimana

Like                      =seperti

1.    I like the way you look at me. (Saya suka cara kamu memandang kearahku.)

2.    She loves the way you make the joke. (Dia suka cara kamu membuat candaan.)

3.    He talks like a father who is angry with his child. (Dia berkata seperti seorang ayah yang sedang marah kepada anaknya.)

4.    Adverbs of Reason (Keterangan Sebab atau Alasan)

    She loves me because I am handsome. (Dia menyukai saya karena saya tampan.)

1.    Since you replaced the governor’s position, the city’s transportation changes to be better. (Sejak kamu menggantikan posisi gubernur, transportasi kota berubah menjadi lebih baik.)

5.     Adverb clause of purpose and result

Digunaka untuk menyatakan suatu maksud / tujuan dan hasil yang diharapkan biasanya menggunakan kata penghubung ( conjunction ) sebagai berikut :

For the purpose                    = dengan maksud

In case                                  = kalau-kalau / jika seandainya

In order to / in order that       = agar / supaya

In the hope that                    = dengan harapan

Lest                                       = agar tidak

So                                          = agar / supaya

So as to                                 = agar / supaya

So that                                   = agar / supaya

That                                       = agar / supaya

Contoh :

-          We learn from the best in order to be the best.

Kita belajar dari yang terbaik agar menjadi yang terbaik.

-          He takes french course so that he can speak French fluently.

Dia mengambil kursus bahasa Perancis agar bisa berbahasa Prancis dengan lancar.

-          I will be at your side at the moment in case you need my help.

Aku akan ada disisimu sekarang kalau-kalau kamu membutuhkan bantuanku.

-          You must obey your parents lest you will be failed in life.

Kamu harus mematuhi orang tuamu agar tidak gagal dalam hidup.

-          Just come the reunion party tonight so you can meet your old friends.

Datanglah ke pesta reuni malam ini agar kamu bisa bertemu dengan teman teman lamamu.

6.     Adverb clause of condition

Digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian atau syarat dari kejadian kejadian yang berhubungan, biasanya menggunakan kata penghubung ( conjunction ) sebagai berikut :

Even if                                                 = sekalipun, sungguhpun

If                                                          = jika

If only / Only if                                     = jika hanya

In case                                                = kalau – kalau

In even that                                         = seandainya

On condition that                                 = dengan kondisi / syarat bahwa

Provided that / providing that              = asalkan jika

Suppose / Supposing                         = seandainya / sekiranya/ jikalau

Unless                                                = jika tidak / kecuali

Contoh :

-          I will wake up earlier in the morning only if i want to go to school.

Aku akan bangun pagi hanya jika aku ingin pergi ke sekolah.

-          If we get another clue, we will report it to you.

Jika kami mendapatkan petunjuk lain, kami akan melaporkannya padamu,

-          Don’t say you love me unless forever it to you.

Jangan katakan cinta kepadaku kecuali untuk selamanya.

-          Provided that i got the logic reason, i wouldn’t ask for her explanation anymore.

Seandainya aku mendapatkan alasan yang logis, aku tidak akan meminta penjelasan padanya lagi.

-          Don’t tell anybody about your secret even if you can do it.

Jangan ceritakan rahasiamu pada siapa pun sekalipun kamu bisa melakukannya.

DIRECT AND DIRECT SPEECH

         Jokowi's Economic Policies Side With China, Analyst Says  

TEMPO.CO, Jakarta - Director  of the Institute for Economics and Development, Enny Sri Hartati warned President Joko ‘Jokowi’ Widodo’s stance that refused to receive aids from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or from the World Bank because this move, she said, would give the impression as if Indonesia would be closer to China in economic sectors.

"There seems to be a hidden agenda here. It’s like what happened during President Soekarno’s administration,” Enny said on Monday, 24 April 2015.

Enny  said that the move was understandable because China is one of the largest global economies and despite the slowdown, China’s economic growth has been relatively higher than that of other countries.

Although Indonesia needs China to finance infrastructure development, Enny said, Jokowi must continue to uphold the equality principle.

"Don’t let them end up exploiting us,” she said.

"The President only said that we must not depend on those three institutions," Kalla said after a bilateral meeting with several world leaders at the 60^th Commemoration of the Asian African Conference in Jakarta.

Govt Stops Investment in Fisheries Sector for Foreign Investors

TEMPO.CO, Jakarta - Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Susi Pudjiastuti said that the government would not open opportunities for foreign investor to make investment in fisheries sector.

"The measure is done so that foreigners cannot our maritime products,” she said.

Foreign investors, she said, may only make investment in the downstream sector.

"We’re going to provide investment in sectors such as in sea food processing, marketing, refinery of sea weeds," she said.

DIRECT / INDIRECT SPEECH ( REVISI 1 )

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH Pengertian Direct dan Indirect Speech adalah materi grammar dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai kalimat yang menyatakan langsung (Direct Speech) dan perubahannya menjadi kalimat tidak langsung (Indirect Speech). Untuk merubah kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung ada beberapa hal yang mengalami perubahan antara lain; 1.     Perubahan Struktur Kalimat (Structure ) 2.     Perubahan Tensis (Tenses) 3.     Perubahan Kata ganti orang (Pronoun) 4.     Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverb of time and place) 1. Perubahan Stuktur kalimat Jika kita lihat pada kalimat direct speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda petik (“). Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect. Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut pun dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata “that” atau “to” (untuk kalimat perintah). Misalnya: No Direct Speech Indirect Speech 01 He said, “I have a present for you in my bag.“ He said that he had a present for me in his bag. 02 He asked me, “why do you come late.“ He asked me why I came late. 03 He orderd me, “don’t bring a bag.“ He ordered me to didn’t bring a bag. Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita). Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya “yes-no question” maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya: No Direct Speech Indirect Speech 01 They asked me, “Do you want to join us to play football?” They asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football. 02 He asked me, “Does she want to mary me?” He asked me if/whether she wants to mary her. Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka akan dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut: No Direct Speech Indirect Speech 01 He asked me, “why do you come late?” He asked me why you came late. 02 He asked me, “what does she eat?” He asked me what she ate. 03 He asked me, “when did you come?” He asked me when I came. 04 He asked me, “who are you?” He asked me who I was.

2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses) Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka, perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini. Untuk itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah dimengerti. Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.

No

Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

01

Simple Present

Simple Past

02

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

03

Present Future

Past Future

04

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

05

Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

06

Simple Past

Past Perfect

07

Past Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:

o	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	V1 (eat)	V2 (ate)
02	V2 (ate)	Had + V3 (had eaten)
03	Am/is/are	Was/were
04	Do/does	Did
05	Do/does not	Did not
06	Did not	Had not + V3
07	Was/were	Had been
08	Am/is/are + V-ing	Was/were + V-ing
09	Was/were +V-ing	Had been + V-ing
10	Has/have + V3	Had + V3
11	Will/shall/can/may/must	Would/should/could/might/had to
12	Could/might/should/would + V1/be	Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been

3. Perubahan Pronoun
Perubahan pronoun dan possessive tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech (kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung).
·         Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, ‘I am busy.’	He said that he was busy.
02	She said, ‘I am unwell.’	She said that she was unwell.
03	I said, ‘I will be late.’	I said that I would be late.
04	They said, ‘We will not permit this.’	They said that they would not permit that.
05	We said, ‘We need to buy some clothes.’	We said that we needed to buy some clothes.

  Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’	He told me that I had to go with him.
02	She said to me, ‘You can go.’	She told me that I could go.
03	She said to him, ‘You can go.’	She told him that he could go.

Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	He said, ‘She is a good girl.’	He said that she was a good girl.
02	She said, ‘They have invited us.’	She said that they had invited them.
03	They said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’	They said that he did not have the necessary qualifications.

4. Perubahan Keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place)

Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.

No	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
01	Now	Then
02	To day	That day
03	Tomorrow	The next day The day after The following day A day later
04	Next …	The … after The following …
05	Last …	The … before The Previous …
06	… ago	… before … earlier
07	Yesterday	The day before The previous day The preceeding day
08	The day before yesterday	Two day before
09	Here	There
10	This	That
11	These	Those

	Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
(+)	He said, “I have a present for you in my bag. here”	He said that he had a present for me in his bag there.
(-)	He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag”	He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag.
(?)	He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?”	He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag.
(?)	He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag?	He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag.
(!)	He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!”	He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then.
(!)	He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!”	He ordered me not to bring my bag there.
(!)	Don’t go anywhere!	Not to go anywhere.
(-)	“I can’t see your performance” Liz said to Anne that.	She couldn’t see her performance.
(+)	“I visited my sister in lampung” Reza said that.	He had visited his sister in lampung.
(!)	“Stop shouting at me” Nia said that.	She said that to stop shouting at her.

1.       “Your friend has just left.” (Present Perfect Tense)
a.      He told me that your friend had just left.
b.      He told me that my friend had just left. (Past Perfect Tense)
c.       He told me that my friend has just left.


2.       “The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.” (General Tense)
a.      He said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
b.      He asked if the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
c.       He said that the sun rose in the east and set in the west.

3.       “I’m going to meet my penpal for the first time tomorrow.” (Present Continous Tense)
a.      She said she was going to meet her penpal for the first time tomorrow.
b.      She said she was going to meet my penpal for the first time tomorrow.
c.       She said she was going to meet her penpal for the first time the next day. (Past Continous Tense)

4.       “I am buying a bird.” (Present Continous Tense)
a.       He buy a bird
b.      He was buying a bird (Past Continous Tense)
c.       He is buying a bird

5.   “I have bought a bike.” (Present Perfect Tense)
a.       He had bought a bike (Past Perfect Tense)
b.      He buy a bike
c.       He had been bought a bike

6.   “I have been buying a miror.” (Present Perfect Continous Tense)
a.       He had been buying a miror ( Past Perfect Continous Tense)
b.      I had buying a miror
c.       I had been buying amiror

7.  “I had bought a mouse.” (Past Perfect Tense)
a.    I had bought a mouse
b.    He had bought a mouse (Past Perfect Tense)
c.    He bought a mouse

8.  “I will buy a pencil.” (Simple Future Tense)
a.    He will buy a pencil
b.    He would buy a pencil (Will di ubah jadi Would)
c.    I would buy a pencil
9.    will have bought a cake” (Future Perfect Tense)
a.    I would have bought a cake
b.    He would have bought a cake (Di ubah jadi Would Have)
c.    I would have bought a cake

10.“I begin to understand the concept of biodiversity.” (Simple Present Tense)
a.      He said that he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity. (Simple Past Tense)
b.      He wanted to know if he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity.
c.       He asked me that he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity.

11.       I’m going to meet my penpal for the first time tomorrow.” (Present Continous Tense)
a.      She said she was going to meet her penpal for the first time tomorrow.
b.      She said she was going to meet my penpal for the first time tomorrow.
c.       She said she was going to meet her penpal for the first time the next day. (Past Continous Tense)
12.       We have been here for a week.” (Present Perfect Continous Tense)
a.      They said they had been here for a week.
b.      They said we had been there for a week.
c.       They said they had been there for a week. (Past Perfect Continous Tense)



13.       “I begin to understand the concept of biodiversity.” (Simple Present Tense)
a.      He said that he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity. (Simple Past Tense)
b.      He wanted to know if he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity.
C.   He asked me that he began to understand the concept of Biodiversity

14.       I bought a phone samsung.”(Simple Past Tense)
a.       I had bought a phone samsung
b.      He had bought a phone samsung (Past Perfect Tense)
c.       He bought a phone samsung


15.    “I was buying a potato.” (Past Continous Tense)
a.    I had been buying a potato
b.    He had bought a potato
c.    He had been buying a potato (Past Perfect Continous Tense)

6.    I will have bought a cup cake” (Future Perfect Tense)
a.    I would have bought acup cake
b.    He would have bought a cup cake (Di ubah jadi Would Have)
c.    I would have bought a cup cake


17.       The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.” (General Tense)
a.      He said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
b.      He asked if the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
c.       He said that the sun rose in the east and set in the west.
18.       Can I borrow your car for a moment?” (Simple Present Tense)
a.      She asked me if she can borrow my car for a moment.
b.      She asked me whether she can borrow my car for a moment.
c.       She asked me whether she could borrow my car for a moment. (Simple Past Tense)


19. Mother   : Don’t be so noisy, Herman. The baby is sleeping. (Present Continous Tense)
       shelen : Okay, mom. (Simple Present Tense)
       tika      : What did your mother just told you? (Simple Past Tense)
       mutia : She told me ___ because the baby was sleeping. (Past Continous Tense)
                a. I wasn’t so noisy          
                b.Not to be so noisy       
                c. Don’t be noisy

20.       “Why are you staring at my feet?” (Present Continous Tense)
a.      He asked her why she was staring at his feet. (Past Continous Tense)
b.      He asked her why was she staring at his feet.
c.       He asked her why she is staring at his feet.

Jawab:A (Verb present continuous tense pada direct speech menjadi past continuous tense pada reported speech.)